This study examined the direct and indirect associations between maternal parenting styles and multidimensional self-concept among Libyan Arab mothers ranging in age from 18 to 52 years (M = 31.47, SD = 8.26), reflecting associations between parenting practices and psychosocial functioning within Arab family contexts. Parenting practices were assessed using the Arabic adaptation of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and self-concept was measured using the Arabic version of the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale (MSCS). Findings indicated that authoritative parenting was positively associated with all self-concept domains, whereas authoritarian parenting was negatively associated with self-concept outcomes. Permissive parenting demonstrated weaker but generally positive associations with several self-concept dimensions. The path-analytic model supported theoretically meaningful direct and indirect associations between maternal parenting styles and multidimensional self-concept domains. Academic, social, and emotional self-concept emerged as important pathways linking parenting practices with broader competence and family-related self-concept outcomes. Specifically, authoritative parenting was associated with positive direct effects on competence and academic self-concept, as well as indirect effects on competence through academic self-concept and on family self-concept through social self-concept. In contrast, authoritarian parenting predicted negative direct effects on affective and competence-related self-concept, alongside indirect effects through affective and social self-concept domains. Permissive parenting showed weaker direct effects on social and competence self-concept, with modest indirect effects through academic and social self-concept. These findings support hierarchical models of self-concept associations and highlight culturally specific pathways linking parenting practices to psychosocial functioning in Arab family contexts. The study provides novel empirical evidence from an underrepresented population and underscores the relevance of parenting practices for family-focused policies, parenting education, and preventive interventions aimed at promoting healthy psychosocial functioning in collectivistic societies.

This study examined the psychometric properties and structural validity of a foreign language Classroom anxiety scale in an Arabic-speaking sample (N = 327; Mage = 25.87 years, SD = 7.15) drawn from universities in Libya and Saudi Arabia. Foreign language anxiety was assessed using the Arabic Foreign Language Anxiety Questionnaire (AFLAQ), alongside measures of psychological distress (DASS-8) and resilience (BRS). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure comprising Communication Apprehension, Fear of Negative Evaluation, and Test Anxiety, with acceptable model fit. Measurement invariance across gender was established, indicating that the scale operates equivalently for males and females. Rasch analysis further supported the scale’s reliability and item functioning. Structural equation modeling revealed that psychological distress was significantly associated with all dimensions of foreign language anxiety, whereas resilience showed no direct associations. However, resilience was indirectly associated with Communication Apprehension, Fear of Negative Evaluation, and Test Anxiety through psychological distress. In addition, resilience was negatively associated with psychological distress. Gender differences were observed, with females reporting higher communication apprehension and psychological distress, while males showed higher resilience. Overall, the findings support a multidimensional conceptualization of foreign language anxiety and highlight the central role of psychological distress, suggesting that resilience may be associated with foreign language anxiety indirectly through reductions in psychological distress. The study provides psychometric evidence for the AFLAQ and underscores the importance of integrating broader psychological factors in understanding foreign language anxiety in Arabic-speaking contexts.

Self-compassion is increasingly recognized as a core psychological resource within contemporary happiness and well-being research, particularly from a psychological perspective emphasizing optimal functioning, resilience, and personal growth. Using a cross-sectional design, this study examines the associations between self-compassion and indicators of psychological well-being (flourishing, hope, resilience, life satisfaction) as well as psychological distress and test an indirect effect model in which resilience mediated the relationship between self-compassion and positive well-being outcomes. A total of 318 Saudi Arab adults completed measures of self-compassion, flourishing, hope, resilience, life satisfaction, and psychological distress. Results supported the theorized six-factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form and showed that self-compassion was positively associated with flourishing, hope, resilience, and life satisfaction, and negatively associated with psychological distress. Structural equation modeling indicated that resilience exerted a significant indirect effect in the relationships between self-compassion and flourishing, life satisfaction, and hope. These findings are consistent with theoretical perspectives in positive psychology and self-compassion theory, suggesting that resilience functions as a key psychological mechanism linking self-compassion to well-being. From a practical perspective, the results highlight the potential value of interventions aimed at enhancing self-compassion and resilience to promote psychological well-being in Arab populations, particularly in clinical and educational settings.

The Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) has not been validated in Arabic. The present study aimed to validate the Arabic ASQ Short Form (A-ASQ-SF) and investigate its associations with family functioning and religiosity. A total of 1173 Libyan participants completed a survey composed of ASQ, Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-IV) and the Muslim Religiosity Scale (MRS). The sample was randomly split into two sub-samples. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the first sub-sample (n = 577) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the second sub-sample (n = 596) were performed. Twenty items were selected (EFA), and the CFA showed a good fit for the five-factor structure. The results showed a high convergent validity with the ECR, and significant correlations with the FACES-IV and MRS. The A-ASQ-SF is a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure the attachment dimensions in Arab populations. Cultural aspects have been discussed.

Gratitude is a multidimensional construct linked to flourishing, life satisfaction, hope, empathy, and self-compassion. However, validated Arabic instruments remain scarce.This study aimed to test psychometric proprieties of the Arabic version of the Gratitude Scale (GQ-6) and examined its associations with flourishing, life satisfaction, hope, empathic concern, and self-compassion in a mixed clinical and non-clinical Saudi sample A mixed clinical and non-clinical sample of 299 Saudi adults (79.9% female; mean age = 25.13, SD = 4.24) completed the Arabic GQ-6 along with validated Arabic measures of flourishing, life satisfaction, hope, empathic concern, and self‑compassion. Psychometric evaluation included confirmatory factor analyses, reliability testing, Rasch analysis, and multi-group CFA for gender invariance. Correlational and mediation analyses were conducted to assess construct validity and psychological associations. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional five-item structure after removing one weak reverse-worded item, demonstrating excellent model fit, χ²(5) = 10.69, p = .058, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMR = 0.03. Internal consistency was satisfactory (α = 0.75; ω = 0.76). Rasch analysis indicated acceptable item fit (infit/outfit = 0.96–1.09) and moderate person reliability (0.44). Multi-group CFA confirmed configural and metric invariance across gender, with all standardized loadings significant (p < .001) and adequate convergent validity (AVE = 0.51–0.53), indicating that gratitude is measured equivalently among males and females. Gratitude correlated positively with flourishing (r = .36), life satisfaction (r = .39), hope (r = .24), empathic concern (r = .29), and self-compassion (r = .32). Mediation analyses revealed that flourishing mediated the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction, whereas self-compassion and empathic concern were nonsignificant mediators. The Arabic Gratitude Scale demonstrates strong reliability, factorial validity, and measurement invariance across gender. Findings highlight flourishing as a key psychological mechanism linking gratitude to life satisfaction in Arab cultural contexts, supporting the scale’s utility in both research and applied settings.

Religious self‑conscious emotions, especially guilt and shame, shape psychological well-being, yet their specific roles in distress and resilience remain underexplored in Arab Muslim contexts. This study examines the relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, religious guilt and shame, resilience, and psychological distress among Libyan Arabs using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), network analysis, and mediation modeling. Participants were 215 Libyan adults (72.1% female, aged 18–54) recruited via social media. Measures included the Muslim Religiosity Scale (MRS), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–8 (DASS-8), and items assessing religious guilt and shame. CFA supported a two-factor structure distinguishing guilt and shame (CFI = .95, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .04). Correlation analyses revealed that both religious guilt (r = .31) and religious shame (r = .34) were strongly associated with intrinsic religiosity. Extrinsic religiosity correlated positively with resilience total score (r = .16) and negatively with depression (r = −.25) and stress (r = −.13). Intrinsic religiosity was higher among males (r = .19). Network analysis identified religious guilt as more central than shame, with “I feel guilty if I miss prayers” a key node. Mediation analysis indicated that depression mediated the association between resilience and religiosity dimensions, with nonsignificant direct effects. Network analysis suggested resilience played a limited bridging role between religiosity and distress. Findings highlight religious guilt’s stronger influence on distress compared to shame and suggest that psychological distress shapes religious engagement more than resilience does. Culturally sensitive interventions should address the mental health impact of religious guilt, and future research should explore protective factors in Arab Muslim populations.

This study aims to test the psychometric properties of the Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES) and examines its associations with psychological distress, satisfaction with life, resilience, and religiosity among individuals affected by the Libyan wars. The sample consisted of 457 participants, with 77.02% female (n = 352) and 22.98% male (n = 105), ranging in age from 18 to 75 years (M_age = 28.82, SD = 11.41). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) revealed that the one-factor model exhibited excellent fit, with indices: CFI = .997, TLI = .997, RMSEA = .029 (90% CI = [.015, .040]), SRMR = .050. Reliability analysis indicated high internal consistency (ω = .94, α = .94). ISLES scores were negatively correlated with satisfaction with life (r = − .27) and resilience (r = − .39), while correlations with religiosity were non-significant (r = − .09, p = .060). Positive correlations were observed with psychological distress, including anxiety (r = .39), depression (r = .46), and stress (r = .32). Exploratory indirect association analyses showed that ISLES scores were statistically associated with psychological distress through resilience and life satisfaction, whereas no significant indirect association was observed for religiosity. These findings support the one-factor structure of ISLES and highlight context-specific patterns of association in populations exposed to chronic and ongoing trauma.

This study examined the indirect effect of student engagement (behavioral, emotional, and cognitive) in the relationship between mindfulness and flourishing among university students. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data collected from 618 students (Mage = 24.3, SD = 4.97) across various academic disciplines. Student engagement was measured using the Arabic version of the University Student Engagement Inventory (A-USEI). Mindfulness was assessed using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale – Arabic Version (MAAS), and flourishing was evaluated using the Arabic version of the Flourishing Scale. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to test direct and indirect effects. Results indicated that mindfulness significantly predicted behavioral engagement (β = 0.17, p < 0.001), emotional engagement (β = 0.19, p < 0.001), and cognitive engagement (β = 0.08, p < 0.001). In turn, emotional engagement (β = 0.33, p < 0.001), behavioral engagement (β = 0.21, p < 0.001), and cognitive engagement (β = .63, p < 0.001) significantly predicted flourishing. The direct effect of mindfulness on flourishing was non-significant (β = –0.002, p = 0.94). However, significant indirect effects emerged through emotional (β = 0.08), behavioral (β = 0.05), and cognitive engagement (β = 0.06), confirming engagement as a key mediating mechanism. These findings highlight the importance of fostering student engagement to translate mindfulness into enhanced well-being. The study contributes to mindfulness research by validating this mediational model within an Arab higher education context.

Responsibility plays a significant role in fostering mental health and wellbeing, encompassing personal accountability and societal contributions. This study aimed to validate the Responsibility Scale (RS), a psychometric tool designed to measure personal and social responsibility, using rigorous statistical methods. Participants included 256 adults (80.86% female) from diverse educational backgrounds, recruited through a convenience sampling method. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure, comprising personal and social dimensions, with acceptable model fit indices (CFI = .96, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .080). Both factors demonstrated strong loadings (≥ 0.50) and robust internal reliability (personal responsibility subscale α = .92; social responsibility subscale α = .94). Convergent validity was supported by significant positive correlations of personal responsibility with life satisfaction, resilience, religious coping, self-esteem, and grit, whereas social responsibility showed weaker but significant associations with life satisfaction, self-esteem, and grit. Discriminant validity was evidenced by negative correlations of personal responsibility with psychological distress, whereas the association between social responsibility and distress was non-significant. Measurement invariance testing confirmed configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender. Analyses further indicated that psychological distress carried an indirect effect of responsibility on wellbeing. Personal and social responsibility were positively associated with life satisfaction (β = .57) and negatively associated with psychological distress (β = − .47), suggesting that part of the effect of responsibility on wellbeing operates through reduced psychological distress. These findings position the RS as a reliable and valid tool for assessing responsibility across cultural contexts, with particular relevance to Libyan Arab populations. The study underscores the importance of responsibility for flourishing and offers new insights for both research and interventions.

Background

Grief, a universally experienced response to death of a loved one, carries distinct emotional and behavioral dimensions. This study examines the psychometric properties and factorial validity of the Arabic adaptation of the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), along with mediation pathways between emotional distress (anxiety, depression, and stress) and grief dimensions, moderated by resilience, life satisfaction, and religiosity.

Method

Data were collected from a sample of 423 Arabic-speaking adults residing in Libya and affected by the Libyan wars, ranging in age from 18 to 52 years (M = 29.93, SD = 6.73)

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure, cognitive/emotional symptoms. Convergent validity showed significant positive correlations between ICG scores and measures of psychological distress (anxiety, r = .24; depression, r = .22). Discriminant validity was confirmed through negligible associations with resilience (r = -.25) and satisfaction with life (r = -.12). Mediation analyses identified resilience as a significant mediator in pathways from distress to grief symptoms (anxiety to cognitive/emotional symptoms via resilience, estimate = .13, p = .023). Satisfaction with life and religiosity displayed limited indirect effects, underscoring the dominant role of resilience.

Conclusion

These findings reinforce the suitability of the Arabic ICG as a reliable tool for assessing grief in Arabic-speaking populations, while highlighting the protective role of resilience in grief management. Implications extend to culturally sensitive interventions and resilience-building therapeutic approaches.